Canadian Citizenship Test Questions & Answers (2026)

Q1.Which of the following are responsibilities of Canadian citizenship?

• Owning property, joining a union, and learning French
• Obeying the law, taking responsibility for yourself and your family, and serving on a jury
• Voting for the Conservative Party and attending church
• Recycling, owning a business, and flying the flag

Answer: Responsibilities of citizenship include obeying the law, taking responsibility for yourself and your family, serving on a jury when called, voting in elections, helping others in the community, and protecting our heritage and environment.

Q2.What are the four fundamental freedoms protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

• Freedom of conscience and religion; thought, belief, opinion and expression; peaceful assembly; and association
• Freedom to vote, drive, marry, and travel
• Freedom of speech, the right to a passport, the right to vote, and the right to work
• Freedom from taxes, freedom to bear arms, free health care, and free education

Answer: The Charter lists four fundamental freedoms: (1) conscience and religion; (2) thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press; (3) peaceful assembly; and (4) association.

Q3.In what year was the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms entrenched in the Constitution?

• 1867
• 1931
• 1982
• 1995

Answer: The Constitution of Canada was amended in 1982 to entrench the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Q4.True or False: There is compulsory (mandatory) military service in Canada.

• True
• False

Answer: False. There is no compulsory military service in Canada. Serving in the Canadian Armed Forces is voluntary.

Q5.Habeas corpus — the right to challenge unlawful detention by the state — comes from which legal tradition?

• French civil law
• English common law
• The Quebec Act
• Aboriginal law

Answer: Habeas corpus, the right to challenge unlawful detention, comes from English common law.

Q6.What do 'mobility rights' guarantee Canadians?

• The right to free public transit
• The right to live and work anywhere in Canada, enter and leave the country, and apply for a passport
• The right to a driver's licence at 16
• The right to immigrate relatives

Answer: Mobility rights mean Canadians can live and work anywhere in Canada, enter and leave the country freely, and apply for a passport.

Q7.The ancient 800-year-old tradition of freedoms in Canada traces back to which document signed in England in 1215?

• The Constitution Act
• Magna Carta
• The Royal Proclamation
• The British North America Act

Answer: Many of our freedoms trace back to Magna Carta of 1215, also known as the Great Charter of Freedoms.

Q8.What does the equality of men and women mean in Canada?

• Men and women must do the same jobs
• Men and women are equal under the law
• Women cannot serve in the military
• Men have legal authority over the household

Answer: In Canada, men and women are equal under the law. Practices that tolerate spousal abuse, 'honour killings,' or other gender-based violence are crimes.

Q9.Which is an example of a responsibility that comes with the right to vote?

• Telling others how you voted
• Voting in federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal elections
• Joining a political party
• Donating to a campaign

Answer: The right to vote comes with the responsibility to vote in federal, provincial or territorial, and local elections.

Q10.Canadian law comes from several sources. Which of these is one of them?

• Only the decisions of the Prime Minister
• Laws passed by Parliament and legislatures, English common law, and the civil code of France
• Religious texts only
• The United Nations charter

Answer: Canadian law has several sources: laws passed by Parliament and the provincial legislatures, English common law, the civil code of France, and the unwritten constitution inherited from Britain.

Q11.Volunteering to help others in your community is best described as:

• A legal requirement for all citizens
• A responsibility of citizenship and a way to build skills and friendships
• Something only retired people do
• A requirement to keep your citizenship

Answer: Helping others in the community through volunteering is a responsibility of citizenship and an excellent way to gain skills, friends, and contacts.

Q12.True or False: Serving on a jury when you are called is a legal requirement in Canada.

• True
• False

Answer: True. When you are called to serve on a jury, you are legally required to do so. Juries help make the justice system work.

Q13.Which of the following is one of the legal rights guaranteed to people in Canada?

• The right to free housing
• The right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty
• The right to a government job
• The right to free university tuition

Answer: Legal rights include the right to life, liberty and security, protection against unreasonable search, and the presumption of innocence until proven guilty.

Q14.What do the official-language rights in the Charter guarantee?

• That everyone must speak both English and French
• The equality of English and French in dealings with the federal government, plus minority-language education rights
• That French is the only official language
• Free language classes for newcomers

Answer: Official-language rights affirm the equality of English and French in Parliament and the federal government and include minority-language education rights.

Q15.What does the Charter say about multiculturalism?

• It bans all foreign customs
• It must be interpreted in a way consistent with preserving and enhancing Canada's multicultural heritage
• It applies only in Quebec
• It is not mentioned in the Charter

Answer: The Charter states that it shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with preserving and enhancing the multicultural heritage of Canadians.

Q16.What do 'Aboriginal and treaty rights' in the Charter protect?

• Only the right to vote
• The existing Aboriginal and treaty rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
• Rights for recent immigrants
• Property rights for all Canadians

Answer: The Charter protects the existing Aboriginal and treaty rights of First Nations, Inuit, and Metis peoples.

Q17.What does the freedom of peaceful assembly allow people in Canada to do?

• Carry weapons in public
• Gather and hold peaceful meetings, demonstrations, and protests
• Avoid paying taxes
• Refuse to obey any law

Answer: Freedom of peaceful assembly is one of the four fundamental freedoms and lets people gather peacefully, including for meetings and demonstrations.

Q18.The civil-law tradition used for private matters in Quebec originally comes from which country?

• England
• France
• Spain
• The United States

Answer: Quebec uses the civil code, a tradition from France, while the rest of Canada uses English common law for private law.

Q19.Helping to protect Canada's natural environment is best described as:

• A fundamental freedom
• A responsibility of citizenship
• A legal right
• A power of the Senate

Answer: Eliminating waste and pollution and protecting Canada's natural, cultural, and architectural heritage are responsibilities of citizenship.

Q20.What does the equality-rights section of the Charter guarantee?

• Everyone must earn the same income
• Equality before and under the law and equal protection without discrimination
• Free legal representation for everyone
• The right to hold any job

Answer: Equality rights mean every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to equal protection without discrimination.

Q21.Who are the three founding peoples of Canada?

• English, French, and Spanish
• Aboriginal, French, and British
• Inuit, Loyalist, and Acadian
• First Nations, American, and Irish

Answer: To understand what it means to be Canadian, it is important to know about the three founding peoples: Aboriginal, French, and British.

Q22.The term 'Aboriginal peoples' refers to which three distinct groups?

• French, English, and Métis
• First Nations (Indian), Inuit, and Métis
• Inuit, Acadian, and Loyalist
• Cree, Sioux, and Haida

Answer: Aboriginal peoples include three distinct groups: First Nations (also called Indian), Inuit, and Métis.

Q23.What does the word 'Inuit' mean?

• 'The hunters'
• 'The people'
• 'The north'
• 'The first ones'

Answer: 'Inuit' means 'the people' in the Inuktitut language. The Inuit live in small communities across the Arctic.

Q24.Who are the Métis?

• Recent immigrants from France
• A distinct people of mixed Aboriginal and European ancestry, most of whom live in the Prairies
• People who live only in Quebec
• The original inhabitants of the Arctic

Answer: The Métis are a distinct people of mixed Aboriginal and European ancestry. The majority live in the Prairie provinces and many speak Michif.

Q25.What are the two official languages of Canada?

• English and Spanish
• English and French
• French and Inuktitut
• English and Indigenous languages

Answer: English and French are Canada's two official languages. The federal government must provide services across Canada in both.

Q26.Which is the only officially bilingual province in Canada?

• Quebec
• Ontario
• New Brunswick
• Manitoba

Answer: New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province. About one-third of its population lives and works in French.

Q27.Who are the Acadians?

• The descendants of French colonists who settled in the Maritimes starting in 1604
• Early British settlers of Ontario
• A First Nations group of the Prairies
• Immigrants from the Caribbean

Answer: The Acadians are descendants of French colonists who began settling in the Maritime provinces in 1604. Many were deported during the 'Great Upheaval' (1755–1763).

Q28.In 2006, the House of Commons recognized that the Québécois form what?

• A separate country
• A nation within a united Canada
• A province with no ties to Canada
• An official language group

Answer: In 2006 the House of Commons recognized that the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada.

Q29.What is the largest religious affiliation in Canada?

• Islam
• Christianity (with Catholic being the largest)
• Hinduism
• No religion

Answer: The great majority of Canadians identify as Christians; the largest affiliation is Catholic, followed by various Protestant churches.

Q30.In which province do the majority of Canada's French-speaking population live?

• New Brunswick
• Ontario
• Quebec
• Manitoba

Answer: The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec, where French is the language of everyday life for most people.

Q31.What is the policy by which Canada encourages people of all backgrounds to belong and contribute while keeping their cultures?

• Assimilation
• Multiculturalism
• Segregation
• Bilingualism

Answer: Multiculturalism is a fundamental characteristic of Canada; people of many cultures are encouraged to participate fully while keeping their traditions within the law.

Q32.In which region of Canada do most Inuit traditionally live?

• The Arctic (far north)
• Southern Ontario
• The Prairies
• Vancouver Island

Answer: The Inuit are an Aboriginal people who live in the Arctic, the far north of Canada.

Q33.True or False: English and French have equal status in Parliament and throughout the federal government.

• True
• False

Answer: True. English and French are the two official languages and have equal status in Parliament, the courts, and the federal government across Canada.

Q34.The deportation of the Acadians by the British, beginning in 1755, is known by what name?

• The Quiet Revolution
• The Great Upheaval (le Grand Derangement)
• The October Crisis
• The Last Spike

Answer: The forced removal of the Acadians from their lands beginning in 1755 is called the Great Upheaval, or 'le Grand Derangement.'

Q35.Approximately what share of Canadians speak French as their first language?

• About 5%
• About one-quarter
• About one-half
• About three-quarters

Answer: Roughly one-quarter of Canadians speak French as a first language, the majority of them living in Quebec.

Q36.Which group is NOT one of Canada's three founding peoples?

• Aboriginal peoples
• The French
• The British
• The Acadians

Answer: The three founding peoples are Aboriginal, French, and British; the Acadians are descendants of early French settlers, not a separate founding people.

Q37.What is the best description of Canada's approach to its many cultures?

• Newcomers must abandon their traditions
• Canadians take pride in being a diverse, tolerant, multicultural society
• Only two cultures are recognized
• Each culture lives entirely separately

Answer: Canadians are proud of a diverse, tolerant society where people of all backgrounds participate fully while keeping their identities within Canadian law.

Q38.Which two languages are spoken by the largest numbers of Canadians as a mother tongue?

• English and Mandarin
• English and French
• French and Punjabi
• English and Spanish

Answer: English and French, the two official languages, are the mother tongues of the largest numbers of Canadians, with English the most common overall.

Q39.True or False: The Inuit, First Nations, and Metis are all recognized as Aboriginal peoples of Canada.

• True
• False

Answer: True. Canada's Aboriginal peoples are made up of three distinct groups: First Nations, Inuit, and Metis.

Q40.Canada's long history of welcoming newcomers from around the world makes it best described as:

• A nation of immigrants
• A nation closed to immigration
• A single-culture society
• A nation of only two peoples

Answer: Canada is often described as a land of immigrants, having welcomed millions of newcomers from around the world who help build the country.

Q41.From where are the ancestors of Canada's Aboriginal peoples believed to have migrated?

• Europe
• Asia
• Africa
• The South Pacific

Answer: The ancestors of Aboriginal peoples are believed to have migrated from Asia many thousands of years ago.

Q42.The name 'Canada' comes from 'kanata,' a word meaning 'village.' From which language does it come?

• French
• Inuktitut
• An Iroquoian language
• Latin

Answer: Explorer Jacques Cartier heard two guides use the Iroquoian word 'kanata,' meaning 'village.' By the 1550s, 'Canada' began appearing on maps.

Q43.Jacques Cartier made three voyages across the Atlantic (1534–1542), claiming the land for which country?

• England
• France
• Spain
• Portugal

Answer: Jacques Cartier claimed the land for King Francis I of France and was the first European to explore the St. Lawrence River.

Q44.In 1608, who built a fortress at what is now Québec City?

• John Cabot
• Samuel de Champlain
• Count Frontenac
• Jacques Cartier

Answer: In 1608 Samuel de Champlain built a fortress at what is now Québec City, founding the colony of New France.

Q45.Who won the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Québec City in 1759?

• The French
• The British
• The Americans
• The Iroquois

Answer: In 1759 the British defeated the French at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, marking the end of France's empire in America. Both commanders, Wolfe and Montcalm, were killed.

Q46.What did the Quebec Act of 1774 do?

• Abolished the French language
• Allowed religious freedom for Catholics and restored French civil law
• Created the Dominion of Canada
• Gave women the right to vote

Answer: The Quebec Act of 1774 allowed religious freedom for Catholics, let them hold public office, and restored French civil law while keeping British criminal law.

Q47.Who were the United Empire Loyalists?

• French settlers loyal to the King of France
• Over 40,000 people loyal to the Crown who fled the American Revolution after 1776
• Soldiers who fought for the United States
• Members of the Hudson's Bay Company

Answer: After the 13 American colonies declared independence in 1776, more than 40,000 Loyalists fled to Nova Scotia and Quebec.

Q48.What was the main result of the War of 1812?

• Canada became part of the United States
• Canada (then British North America) remained independent of the United States
• France regained Quebec
• The border was abolished

Answer: The War of 1812 ensured that Canada would remain independent of the United States. British troops, First Nations (led by Tecumseh), and Canadian volunteers repelled the American invasion.

Q49.Slavery was abolished throughout the British Empire — including Canada — in which year?

• 1763
• 1833
• 1867
• 1918

Answer: The British Parliament abolished slavery throughout the Empire in 1833. Earlier, thousands of escaped slaves reached Canada via the Underground Railroad.

Q50.What does 'responsible government' mean?

• The government must balance its budget
• Ministers must have the support of a majority of elected representatives, and must resign if they lose a confidence vote
• The Queen governs directly
• Only landowners can vote

Answer: Responsible government means the ministers of the Crown must have the support of a majority of the elected representatives. Nova Scotia was the first colony to gain it (1847–48).

Q51.In what year did Canada become a country (Confederation)?

• 1812
• 1867
• 1900
• 1931

Answer: The British North America Act created the Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867.

Q52.Which four provinces joined together at Confederation in 1867?

• Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, and British Columbia
• Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick
• Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, PEI, and Newfoundland
• Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan

Answer: At Confederation in 1867 the four founding provinces were Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

Q53.Who was Canada's first Prime Minister?

• Sir Wilfrid Laurier
• Sir George-Étienne Cartier
• Sir John A. Macdonald
• Sir Leonard Tilley

Answer: Sir John A. Macdonald, a Father of Confederation, became Canada's first Prime Minister in 1867. January 11 is Sir John A. Macdonald Day.

Q54.What is celebrated on July 1 each year?

• Victoria Day
• Canada Day (the anniversary of Confederation)
• Remembrance Day
• Labour Day

Answer: July 1 is Canada Day, marking the day in 1867 that Canada became a self-governing Dominion. It was formerly called Dominion Day.

Q55.Louis Riel is remembered as a leader of which people and as the founder of which province?

• The Inuit; Nunavut
• The Métis; Manitoba
• The Acadians; New Brunswick
• The Loyalists; Ontario

Answer: Louis Riel led the Métis and is regarded by many as the founder of Manitoba. He was executed for high treason in 1885.

Q56.The Canadian Pacific Railway, completed in 1885, was a symbol of what?

• Military strength
• National unity, linking the country from sea to sea
• French and English division
• American investment only

Answer: The CPR's completion in 1885 (the 'last spike') was a powerful symbol of unity, fulfilling the national dream of a railway from sea to sea. It was built with European and Chinese labour.

Q57.Who was Sir Wilfrid Laurier?

• The first Prime Minister of Canada
• The first French-Canadian Prime Minister since Confederation
• A Father of Confederation from Nova Scotia
• The inventor of the telephone

Answer: Sir Wilfrid Laurier became the first French-Canadian Prime Minister since Confederation and encouraged immigration to the West.

Q58.In 1916, which province became the first to grant women the right to vote?

• Ontario
• Quebec
• Manitoba
• British Columbia

Answer: Manitoba became the first province to grant women the right to vote, in 1916. Most women won the federal vote in 1918.

Q59.The 1917 battle in which the Canadian Corps captured a key ridge — often called the 'birth of a nation' — was the Battle of:

• Dieppe
• Vimy Ridge
• Juno Beach
• Hong Kong

Answer: The Canadian Corps captured Vimy Ridge in April 1917. April 9 is celebrated as Vimy Day.

Q60.On D-Day, June 6, 1944, Canadian troops stormed and captured which beach in Normandy?

• Omaha Beach
• Juno Beach
• Sword Beach
• Gold Beach

Answer: On D-Day, about 15,000 Canadian troops captured Juno Beach. Roughly one in ten Allied soldiers that day was Canadian.

Q61.What do Canadians remember on November 11 each year?

• Confederation
• The sacrifice of Canadians who served and died in wars
• The Queen's birthday
• The end of the fur trade

Answer: November 11 is Remembrance Day, when Canadians honour those who served and the sacrifice of those who died in military service. The red poppy is worn.

Q62.In what year did Aboriginal peoples gain the right to vote in federal elections?

• 1918
• 1948
• 1960
• 1982

Answer: Aboriginal peoples were granted the right to vote in federal elections in 1960. Japanese Canadians had gained the vote in 1948.

Q63.Which was the last province to join Canada, in 1949?

• British Columbia
• Alberta
• Newfoundland and Labrador
• Prince Edward Island

Answer: Newfoundland and Labrador was the last province to join Confederation, in 1949. (Nunavut, a territory, was created in 1999.)

Q64.What was created in 1873 to bring order to the West and later became the RCMP?

• The Canadian Army
• The North West Mounted Police
• The Coast Guard
• The Hudson's Bay Company

Answer: Prime Minister Macdonald established the North West Mounted Police in 1873. Today it is the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).

Q65.The era of rapid change in Quebec during the 1960s is known as:

• The Great Upheaval
• The Quiet Revolution
• Confederation
• The Dirty Thirties

Answer: Quebec experienced rapid change in the 1960s known as the Quiet Revolution.

Q66.Sir Frederick Banting and Charles Best are celebrated for discovering what?

• The telephone
• Insulin
• The pacemaker
• Standard time zones

Answer: Banting and Best of Toronto discovered insulin, a hormone to treat diabetes that has saved millions of lives worldwide.

Q67.Who invented the telephone (conceiving the idea at his summer home in Canada)?

• Thomas Edison
• Alexander Graham Bell
• Sandford Fleming
• Joseph-Armand Bombardier

Answer: Alexander Graham Bell hit on the idea of the telephone at his summer house in Canada.

Q68.The sport of basketball was invented by which Canadian in 1891?

• James Naismith
• Wayne Gretzky
• Terry Fox
• Donovan Bailey

Answer: Basketball was invented by Canadian James Naismith in 1891.

Q69.In 1980, who began the cross-country 'Marathon of Hope' to raise money for cancer research?

• Rick Hansen
• Terry Fox
• Wayne Gretzky
• Chantal Petitclerc

Answer: Terry Fox, who had lost a leg to cancer, began his 'Marathon of Hope' in 1980 and became a national hero.

Q70.The Official Languages Act, which guarantees French and English services in the federal government, was passed in:

• 1867
• 1931
• 1969
• 1995

Answer: The Official Languages Act was passed in 1969.

Q71.Sir Sandford Fleming is known for inventing what?

• The light bulb
• The worldwide system of standard time zones
• The snowmobile
• The pacemaker

Answer: Sir Sandford Fleming invented the worldwide system of standard time zones.

Q72.Canada belongs to NATO and (with the United States) to NORAD. What is NATO?

• A trade agreement
• A military alliance of democratic countries
• A peacekeeping fund
• An environmental treaty

Answer: Canada joined other Western democracies to form NATO, a military alliance, and partnered with the U.S. in NORAD for aerospace defence.

Q73.Which Canadian invention is a robotic arm developed for use on the U.S. space shuttle?

• The Canadarm
• The pacemaker
• The snowmobile
• The Avro Arrow

Answer: The Canadarm was a Canadian-built robotic arm used on the U.S. space shuttle, a symbol of Canada's contribution to space technology.

Q74.Lester B. Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for his role in helping to resolve which crisis?

• The Cold War
• The Suez Crisis
• The Korean War
• The October Crisis

Answer: Lester B. Pearson, later Prime Minister, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for helping resolve the Suez Crisis through UN peacekeeping, an idea he pioneered.

Q75.With which country does Canada jointly operate NORAD, the aerospace defence command?

• The United Kingdom
• France
• The United States
• Mexico

Answer: Canada and the United States jointly operate the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) to defend North American airspace.

Q76.In what year was Canada's Constitution patriated and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms added?

• 1965
• 1969
• 1982
• 1999

Answer: In 1982 Canada patriated its Constitution from Britain and entrenched the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Q77.After being paralyzed in an accident, which Canadian circled the globe in a wheelchair in his 'Man in Motion' tour to support spinal cord research?

• Terry Fox
• Rick Hansen
• Steve Nash
• Marc Garneau

Answer: Rick Hansen, a 'Man in Motion,' wheeled more than 40,000 km around the world in 1985-87 to raise awareness and funds for spinal cord research.

Q78.Who was the first Canadian to travel into space?

• Chris Hadfield
• Marc Garneau
• Roberta Bondar
• Julie Payette

Answer: Marc Garneau became the first Canadian in space in 1984; Roberta Bondar was the first Canadian woman in space.

Q79.Women across most of Canada won the right to vote in federal elections by 1918. Which province was the last to grant women the vote provincially, in 1940?

• Manitoba
• Ontario
• Quebec
• Nova Scotia

Answer: Women gained the federal vote during 1917-1918, but Quebec was the last province to grant women the provincial vote, in 1940.

Q80.True or False: Wayne Gretzky, nicknamed 'The Great One,' is regarded as one of the greatest hockey players of all time.

• True
• False

Answer: True. Wayne Gretzky, 'The Great One,' played in the NHL from 1979 to 1999 and is widely considered the greatest hockey player ever.

Q81.At the 1996 Olympic Games, which Canadian sprinter won gold and set a world record in the 100-metre sprint?

• Donovan Bailey
• Ben Johnson
• Bruny Surin
• Andre De Grasse

Answer: Donovan Bailey won the 100-metre sprint and set a world record at the 1996 Olympic Games, becoming a Canadian sports hero.

Q82.Terry Fox's 1980 Marathon of Hope was a cross-country run to raise money for research into which disease?

• Diabetes
• Cancer
• Polio
• Heart disease

Answer: Terry Fox, who had lost a leg to cancer, ran his Marathon of Hope in 1980 to raise money for cancer research, inspiring the annual Terry Fox Run.

Q83.Which wheelchair athlete is celebrated as one of Canada's most decorated Paralympians in track?

• Chantal Petitclerc
• Silken Laumann
• Catriona Le May Doan
• Clara Hughes

Answer: Chantal Petitclerc is a celebrated Canadian wheelchair racer who won numerous Paralympic gold medals and was later appointed to the Senate.

Q84.Which life-saving heart device that regulates the heartbeat was pioneered by Canadian researchers?

• The artificial pacemaker
• The insulin pump
• The defibrillator
• The artificial heart

Answer: The cardiac pacemaker, which uses electrical pulses to regulate the heartbeat, was pioneered by Canadian researchers including John Hopps.

Q85.What are the three key facts about Canada's system of government?

• It is a republic, a democracy, and a federation
• It is a federal state, a parliamentary democracy, and a constitutional monarchy
• It is a monarchy, a dictatorship, and a union
• It is a colony, a province, and a territory

Answer: Canada is a federal state, a parliamentary democracy, and a constitutional monarchy.

Q86.What are the three parts of Parliament?

• The Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and the courts
• The Sovereign (King), the Senate, and the House of Commons
• The federal, provincial, and municipal governments
• The Governor General, the Premier, and the Mayor

Answer: Parliament has three parts: the Sovereign (King or Queen), the Senate, and the House of Commons.

Q87.Who is Canada's Head of State?

• The Prime Minister
• The Governor General
• The Sovereign — currently King Charles III
• The Speaker of the House

Answer: Canada's Head of State is the Sovereign. As of 2026 this is King Charles III. (The study guide, printed earlier, refers to Queen Elizabeth II.)

Q88.What is the difference between the Head of State and the Head of Government?

• They are the same person
• The Sovereign is Head of State; the Prime Minister is Head of Government and runs the country
• The Governor General runs the country; the King is Head of Government
• The Premier is Head of State; the Mayor is Head of Government

Answer: There is a clear distinction: the Sovereign is the Head of State, while the Prime Minister is the Head of Government, who actually directs the governing of the country.

Q89.What is the role of the Governor General?

• To run the federal government day-to-day
• To represent the Sovereign in Canada
• To lead the Opposition
• To serve as Canada's top judge

Answer: The Governor General represents the Sovereign in Canada and is appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister, usually for five years.

Q90.How does a bill become a law in Canada?

• The Prime Minister signs it alone
• It must be passed by both the House of Commons and the Senate and receive royal assent
• The Governor General writes it
• A national referendum approves it

Answer: No bill becomes law until it is passed by both the House of Commons and the Senate and receives royal assent, granted by the Governor General on behalf of the Sovereign.

Q91.What are the three branches of government?

• Federal, provincial, and municipal
• Executive, Legislative, and Judicial
• Senate, House, and Crown
• Police, courts, and prisons

Answer: The three branches of government are the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judicial.

Q92.What are the three levels of government in Canada?

• Executive, legislative, and judicial
• Federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal
• King, Senate, and House of Commons
• Local, regional, and national police

Answer: The three levels of government are federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal (local).

Q93.How many provinces and territories does Canada have?

• 10 provinces and 3 territories
• 12 provinces and 2 territories
• 9 provinces and 4 territories
• 13 provinces and 0 territories

Answer: Canada has ten provinces and three territories.

Q94.Who selects the Cabinet ministers in the federal government?

• The Governor General
• The Prime Minister
• The Senate
• Voters directly

Answer: The Prime Minister selects the Cabinet ministers (most from among MPs) and is responsible for the operations and policy of the government.

Q95.In a province, the Sovereign is represented by the:

• Premier
• Lieutenant Governor
• Mayor
• Senator

Answer: In each province the Sovereign is represented by the Lieutenant Governor, appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Q96.What is the title of the head of a provincial government?

• Prime Minister
• Premier
• Governor
• Mayor

Answer: The Premier heads a provincial government, a role similar to that of the Prime Minister at the federal level.

Q97.What does it mean that Canada is a 'constitutional monarchy'?

• The King can make any law he wishes
• Canada's Head of State is a hereditary Sovereign who reigns according to the Constitution
• Canada has no monarch
• The Prime Minister is crowned

Answer: As a constitutional monarchy, Canada's Head of State is a hereditary Sovereign who reigns in accordance with the Constitution and the rule of law.

Q98.Senators in Canada are:

• Elected by voters every four years
• Appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister, serving until age 75
• Chosen by provincial premiers
• Appointed for life

Answer: Senators are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister and may serve until age 75.

Q99.Which is an area of federal (national) responsibility?

• Education
• Health care delivery
• National defence and citizenship
• Highways

Answer: The federal government handles matters of national concern such as defence, foreign policy, citizenship, criminal law, and currency. Provinces handle education, health, highways, and natural resources.

Q100.What does the legislative branch of government do?

• Interprets the law in the courts
• Makes the laws (Parliament: the Sovereign, Senate, and House of Commons)
• Carries out and enforces the law
• Commands the armed forces

Answer: The legislative branch — Parliament, made up of the Sovereign, the Senate, and the House of Commons — is responsible for making the laws.

Q101.What does the executive branch of the federal government consist of?

• The Supreme Court and lower courts
• The Sovereign (represented by the Governor General), the Prime Minister, and the Cabinet
• The Senate alone
• The provincial premiers

Answer: The executive branch carries out the business of government and includes the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General), the Prime Minister, and the Cabinet.

Q102.In which year did Confederation create the Dominion of Canada under the British North America Act?

• 1776
• 1812
• 1867
• 1931

Answer: The Constitution Act, 1867 (originally the British North America Act) united the founding provinces into the Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867.

Q103.Which area is a responsibility of provincial (rather than federal) governments?

• National defence
• Citizenship
• Education
• Foreign policy

Answer: Provinces are responsible for matters such as education, health care, and highways, while defence, citizenship, and foreign policy are federal.

Q104.Once a bill has passed the House of Commons and the Senate, what final step makes it law?

• A national referendum
• Royal assent, given by the Governor General on behalf of the Sovereign
• Approval by the Supreme Court
• A vote of the provincial premiers

Answer: After both chambers pass a bill, it receives royal assent from the Governor General on behalf of the Sovereign, and then becomes law.

Q105.How are Members of Parliament (MPs) chosen?

• Appointed by the Prime Minister
• Elected by voters in their local constituency (riding)
• Chosen by the provincial premiers
• Appointed by the Governor General

Answer: MPs are elected by the voters in their local electoral district, also called a riding or constituency. The candidate with the most votes wins.

Q106.Who is eligible to vote in a Canadian federal election?

• Anyone living in Canada
• A Canadian citizen who is at least 18 years old on voting day and on the voters' list
• Only property owners
• Permanent residents over 18

Answer: To vote federally you must be a Canadian citizen, at least 18 years old on voting day, and on the voters' list.

Q107.In Canada, are you obliged to tell anyone how you voted?

• Yes, you must tell your employer
• Yes, you must tell election officials
• No — the ballot is secret and no one can make you reveal your vote
• Only if you are asked by police

Answer: Canadian law guarantees a secret ballot. No one — not family, employers, or union reps — has the right to insist you reveal how you voted.

Q108.After a federal election, which party usually forms the government?

• The party chosen by the Senate
• The party with the most seats in the House of Commons
• The party with the most votes nationally regardless of seats
• The party selected by the Governor General's preference

Answer: Normally the party with the most seats in the House of Commons is invited by the Governor General to form the government, and its leader becomes Prime Minister.

Q109.What is the difference between a majority and a minority government?

• A majority government has a female PM
• A majority government holds at least half the seats in the House of Commons; a minority holds fewer
• A minority government is appointed, not elected
• There is no difference

Answer: If the governing party holds at least half the seats in the House of Commons it is a majority government; if it holds fewer than half, it is a minority government.

Q110.An electoral district in Canada is also known as a:

• Province
• Riding or constituency
• Municipality
• Ward only

Answer: An electoral district — the area represented by one MP — is also called a riding or a constituency.

Q111.Under fixed-date legislation, federal general elections are scheduled for which day?

• The first Monday in July
• The third Monday in October, every four years
• January 1 every five years
• Any day the Senate chooses

Answer: Federal elections are set for the third Monday in October every four years, though the Prime Minister may ask the Governor General to call an earlier election.

Q112.What is the name of the independent agency that runs federal elections and maintains the voters' list?

• Statistics Canada
• Elections Canada
• The Senate
• The RCMP

Answer: Elections Canada is the neutral agency of Parliament that runs federal elections and maintains the National Register of Electors.

Q113.What is the role of the opposition parties?

• To run the government departments
• To peacefully oppose and try to improve government proposals
• To appoint the Cabinet
• To count the votes

Answer: Opposition parties peacefully oppose or try to improve government proposals. The largest is the Official Opposition (His Majesty's Loyal Opposition).

Q114.When you arrive to vote at your polling station, what do you do?

• Announce your choice aloud
• Go behind a screen and mark an X next to the candidate of your choice on a secret ballot
• Hand cash to the official
• Vote by show of hands

Answer: You go behind a screen to mark your secret ballot with an X beside your chosen candidate, then deposit it in the ballot box.

Q115.Besides federal elections, at which other levels of government do Canadians elect representatives?

• Only municipal
• Provincial/territorial and municipal (local) governments
• Only the Senate
• International bodies only

Answer: Canadians vote in three kinds of elections: for federal, provincial or territorial, and municipal (local) governments.

Q116.What is the minimum voting age in a Canadian federal election?

• 16 years old
• 18 years old
• 19 years old
• 21 years old

Answer: To vote in a federal election you must be a Canadian citizen and at least 18 years old on election day.

Q117.What is a by-election?

• A second vote held to break a tie
• An election in a single riding to fill a seat that became vacant between general elections
• A vote held only in the Senate
• A recount ordered by the courts

Answer: A by-election is called to fill a vacancy in a single electoral district (riding) when a seat opens up between general elections.

Q118.What is the card called that Elections Canada mails to tell registered voters when and where to vote?

• A ballot
• A voter information card
• A passport
• A census form

Answer: If you are on the voters' list, Elections Canada mails you a voter information card telling you when and where to vote.

Q119.What can you do if your name is not on the voters' list when an election is called?

• You are not allowed to vote that year
• You can register, including at your polling station
• You must wait for the next election
• You must write to the Prime Minister

Answer: If you are not on the voters' list you can still register to vote, including at the advance polls or on election day at your polling station.

Q120.What are 'advance polls'?

• Opinion surveys taken before an election
• Polling stations open on set days before election day for those who cannot vote that day
• A way to vote twice
• Polls run by political parties

Answer: Advance polls let voters cast their ballots on designated days before official election day if they are unable to vote on that day.

Q121.How is the winning candidate in each riding determined in a Canadian federal election?

• The candidate must win more than half of all votes
• The candidate with the most votes wins, even without a majority
• The candidate chosen by the other parties wins
• The two top candidates share the seat

Answer: In each electoral district the candidate who receives the most votes wins the seat, whether or not that is more than half the votes cast.

Q122.True or False: Canadians vote directly for the person they want to be Prime Minister.

• True
• False

Answer: False. Voters elect a Member of Parliament for their riding; the leader of the party with the most seats normally becomes Prime Minister.

Q123.Who may ask the Governor General to call a federal election?

• The Chief Electoral Officer
• The Prime Minister
• The Speaker of the House
• The Senate

Answer: The Prime Minister may ask the Governor General to call an election, which can occur before the fixed election date set in law.

Q124.True or False: A voter's choice on the ballot is private and protected by a secret ballot.

• True
• False

Answer: True. The secret ballot means how you vote is private; no one has the right to watch you vote or demand to know your choice.

Q125.What is the highest court in Canada?

• The Federal Court
• The Supreme Court of Canada
• The Court of Queen's Bench
• The House of Commons

Answer: The Supreme Court of Canada is the country's highest court. It has nine judges appointed by the Governor General.

Q126.Canada's justice system is founded on the presumption of innocence. What does this mean?

• Everyone is guilty until proven innocent
• Everyone is innocent until proven guilty
• Only citizens get a trial
• Judges decide guilt before trial

Answer: Our judicial system is founded on the presumption of innocence in criminal matters — everyone is presumed innocent until proven guilty.

Q127.In which two provinces does the RCMP NOT serve as the provincial police force?

• Alberta and British Columbia
• Ontario and Quebec
• Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
• Manitoba and Saskatchewan

Answer: The RCMP serves as the provincial police in every province and territory except Ontario and Quebec, which have their own provincial forces.

Q128.In Canada, are you allowed to question the police about their service or conduct?

• No, that is illegal
• Yes — almost all police forces have a process for raising concerns
• Only with a lawyer present
• Only if you are a citizen

Answer: Yes. You can question the police about their service or conduct; almost all forces have a process to bring concerns and seek action.

Q129.What principle means that the law applies equally to everyone, including judges, politicians, and the police?

• Federalism
• The rule of law
• Habeas corpus
• Responsible government

Answer: The rule of law is a founding principle: individuals and governments are regulated by laws, and no person or group is above the law.

Q130.What is the role of the courts in Canada?

• To make laws
• To settle disputes and apply the law fairly
• To enforce laws on the street
• To collect taxes

Answer: The courts settle disputes and apply the law; the police enforce the law; and elected representatives make the laws.

Q131.What is the role of the police in Canada?

• To make the laws
• To keep people safe and enforce the law
• To settle lawsuits between citizens
• To collect federal taxes

Answer: The police keep people safe and enforce the law; they are there to protect people and their property.

Q132.If you are arrested or detained in Canada, what is one of your rights?

• To be told only after 24 hours why you were arrested
• To know promptly why you were arrested and to get a lawyer
• To leave whenever you wish
• To refuse to give your name forever

Answer: If arrested, you have the right to be told promptly the reason, to retain and instruct a lawyer without delay, and to be informed of that right.

Q133.What is the full name of Canada's national police force, the RCMP?

• Royal Canadian Mounted Police
• Royal Canadian Military Police
• Regional Canadian Mounted Patrol
• Royal Crown Municipal Police

Answer: The RCMP stands for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canada's national police force.

Q134.True or False: In Canada you can be detained or imprisoned by the government without a fair hearing.

• True
• False

Answer: False. Canadians are guaranteed the right not to be arbitrarily detained or imprisoned, and to a fair and public hearing by an independent court.

Q135.At which level of government are most municipal (local) police forces organized?

• The federal government
• The city or town
• The United Nations
• The Supreme Court

Answer: Many cities and towns have their own municipal police forces serving the local community, alongside provincial and federal policing.

Q136.In a Canadian criminal trial, who must prove that the accused is guilty?

• The accused person
• The defence lawyer
• The state (the prosecution)
• The jury

Answer: Because of the presumption of innocence, the burden is on the state to prove a person's guilt; the accused does not have to prove innocence.

Q137.What does it mean that Canada has an independent, impartial judiciary?

• Judges are elected by voters
• Judges decide cases free from political interference
• Judges also write the laws
• Judges report to the Prime Minister

Answer: An independent judiciary means judges apply the law impartially, free from political pressure, ensuring fair treatment for all.

Q138.Who is responsible for making (passing) the laws in Canada?

• The police
• The courts and judges
• Elected representatives in Parliament and the legislatures
• The RCMP Commissioner

Answer: Elected representatives in Parliament and the provincial and territorial legislatures pass the laws; courts apply them and police enforce them.

Q139.True or False: In Canada, men and women are equal under the law.

• True
• False

Answer: True. In Canada, men and women are equal under the law and are entitled to equal treatment by governments and in society.

Q140.Which of these is a responsibility of citizens that helps the justice system work?

• Serving on a jury when called
• Appointing judges
• Writing new criminal laws
• Commanding the police

Answer: Serving on a jury when called is a responsibility of citizenship; it makes the justice system work, as people are tried by a jury of their peers.

Q141.In addition to enforcing the law, what else are the police expected to do?

• Decide criminal sentences
• Treat everyone fairly and according to the law
• Pass municipal bylaws
• Choose Supreme Court judges

Answer: The police keep people safe and must themselves obey the law; they are expected to treat everyone fairly.

Q142.Which founding principle holds that there is one law for all, and that society is based on ordered liberty rather than the whims of those in power?

• Free enterprise
• The rule of law
• Multiculturalism
• Bilingualism

Answer: The rule of law means society runs on orderly rules everyone must follow, including those who govern, not the arbitrary will of rulers.

Q143.How many judges sit on the Supreme Court of Canada?

• Five
• Seven
• Nine
• Twelve

Answer: The Supreme Court of Canada is the final court of appeal and has nine judges.

Q144.Where would a minor dispute, such as a small traffic violation, most likely be handled?

• The Supreme Court of Canada
• A provincial or territorial court
• The House of Commons
• The Senate

Answer: Provincial and territorial courts handle most everyday matters; the Supreme Court is reserved as the final court of appeal for the most important cases.

Q145.What is the name of Canada's national anthem?

• God Save the King
• O Canada
• The Maple Leaf Forever
• True North

Answer: 'O Canada' was proclaimed the national anthem in 1980. It was first sung in Québec City in 1880.

Q146.What is Canada's national motto, 'A mari usque ad mare'?

• 'Strong and free'
• 'From sea to sea'
• 'Peace, order and good government'
• 'God keep our land'

Answer: The motto 'A mari usque ad mare' is Latin for 'from sea to sea.'

Q147.What is Canada's best-known symbol?

• The beaver
• The maple leaf
• The loon
• The fleur-de-lys

Answer: The maple leaf is Canada's best-known symbol. It has appeared on uniforms and insignia since the 1850s and is on the national flag.

Q148.On which Canadian coin does the beaver appear?

• The one-cent coin
• The five-cent coin (nickel)
• The ten-cent coin (dime)
• The one-dollar coin (loonie)

Answer: The industrious beaver — a symbol from the fur trade — appears on the five-cent coin.

Q149.What is the Royal Anthem of Canada, played to honour the Sovereign?

• O Canada
• God Save the King
• The Maple Leaf Forever
• Rule Britannia

Answer: The Royal Anthem is 'God Save the King' (it was 'God Save the Queen' during Queen Elizabeth II's reign). It can be played on occasions honouring the Sovereign.

Q150.In what year was the current Canadian flag (the red-and-white maple leaf flag) first raised?

• 1867
• 1921
• 1965
• 1982

Answer: The current Canadian flag was raised for the first time in 1965.

Q151.What is Canada's official national winter sport?

• Curling
• Ice hockey
• Skiing
• Lacrosse

Answer: Ice hockey is Canada's national winter sport and most popular spectator sport. (Lacrosse is the official summer sport.)

Q152.What is Canada's official national summer sport?

• Soccer
• Baseball
• Lacrosse
• Canadian football

Answer: Lacrosse, first played by Aboriginal peoples, is the official summer sport. Soccer has the most registered players.

Q153.What are the two official colours of Canada?

• Blue and white
• Red and white
• Red and gold
• Green and white

Answer: Red and white have been Canada's national colours since 1921, when they were assigned by King George V.

Q154.The Order of Canada, created in 1967, is part of Canada's system of:

• Taxes
• Honours that recognize outstanding citizens
• Military ranks
• Courts

Answer: Canada started its own honours system with the Order of Canada in 1967, the centennial of Confederation, to recognize outstanding citizens.

Q155.The fleur-de-lys is a symbol most associated with which heritage?

• British
• French
• Aboriginal
• Scottish

Answer: The fleur-de-lys (lily flower) was a symbol of French royalty for centuries and appears on the flag of Quebec, adopted in 1948.

Q156.Victoria Day, a national holiday, celebrates what?

• The end of WWI
• The Sovereign's birthday
• Confederation
• The founding of Quebec

Answer: Victoria Day (the Monday before May 25) celebrates the Sovereign's birthday.

Q157.What is the name of the central tower of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa?

• The CN Tower
• The Peace Tower
• The Clock Tower
• The Victoria Tower

Answer: The Peace Tower stands at the centre of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa and honours Canadians who died in the First World War.

Q158.The maple leaf has been used as a Canadian symbol since approximately which decade?

• The 1750s
• The 1850s
• The 1920s
• The 1960s

Answer: The maple leaf has served as a Canadian emblem since the 1850s, long before it was placed at the centre of the national flag in 1965.

Q159.True or False: Canada's national flag is sometimes referred to as the Maple Leaf flag.

• True
• False

Answer: True. The red-and-white national flag, featuring a single red maple leaf, was first raised in 1965 and is commonly called the Maple Leaf flag.

Q160.Why was the beaver chosen as an early emblem of Canada?

• It is the largest Canadian animal
• Its fur was central to the early fur-trade economy
• It appears on the national flag
• It is Canada's national winter sport

Answer: The hardworking beaver became an emblem of Canada because its pelts drove the fur trade that was central to the country's early economy.

Q161.On which Canadian one-dollar coin does the common loon appear, giving the coin its nickname?

• The 'toonie'
• The 'loonie'
• The 'nickel'
• The 'penny'

Answer: The one-dollar coin shows a common loon and is popularly known as the 'loonie'; the two-dollar coin is nicknamed the 'toonie.'

Q162.What does the Latin motto 'A mari usque ad mare' on Canada's coat of arms refer to geographically?

• Canada's mountain ranges
• Canada stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean
• Canada's many lakes
• The border with the United States

Answer: 'A mari usque ad mare' means 'from sea to sea,' reflecting that Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.

Q163.In Canada, what does the Crown represent?

• A symbol of the state, shared by all Canadians
• A single political party
• Canada's largest bank
• The capital city of Canada

Answer: The Crown is a symbol of the state and of Canada's parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, shared across the Commonwealth.

Q164.In what year did 'O Canada' officially become Canada's national anthem?

• 1867
• 1931
• 1965
• 1980

Answer: Though written and sung long before, 'O Canada' was proclaimed the official national anthem of Canada in 1980.

Q165.What are the three main types of industries in Canada's economy?

• Farming, fishing, and mining
• Service, manufacturing, and natural resources
• Banking, oil, and tourism
• Public, private, and charity

Answer: Canada's economy has three main types of industries: service industries, manufacturing industries, and natural resources industries.

Q166.Roughly what share of working Canadians have jobs in service industries?

• About 25%
• About half
• More than 75%
• Less than 10%

Answer: More than 75% of working Canadians now have jobs in service industries (transportation, education, health care, finance, retail, tourism, etc.).

Q167.Who is Canada's largest trading partner?

• The United Kingdom
• China
• The United States
• France

Answer: The United States is Canada's largest trading partner; over three-quarters of Canadian exports go to the U.S. — the biggest bilateral trading relationship in the world.

Q168.Canada first signed a free trade agreement with the United States in 1988. Which country joined in 1994 to form NAFTA?

• Mexico
• Brazil
• Japan
• The United Kingdom

Answer: Mexico joined in 1994 to form the broader North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

Q169.Which of the following is a 'natural resources' industry?

• Banking
• Forestry, fishing, and mining
• Retail
• Tourism

Answer: Natural resources industries include forestry, fishing, agriculture, mining, and energy — historically central to Canada's development.

Q170.Canada is a member of which group of leading industrialized democracies?

• The G7
• The European Union
• OPEC
• The Warsaw Pact

Answer: Canada is one of the world's largest economies and a member of the G7 group of leading industrialized democracies. (The guide refers to the 'G8'; Russia was suspended in 2014, leaving the G7.)

Q171.In 2018 Canada, the United States, and Mexico signed a new trade agreement to replace NAFTA. By what acronym is it known in Canada?

• CETA
• CUSMA
• TPP
• WTO

Answer: The Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) replaced NAFTA as the trade agreement among the three North American countries.

Q172.Which Canadian province is especially known for its oil and gas industry?

• Prince Edward Island
• Alberta
• Manitoba
• New Brunswick

Answer: Alberta is known for its large oil and gas industry, including the oil sands, a major part of Canada's energy sector.

Q173.Fishing has long been a major industry along which Canadian coast?

• The Atlantic coast
• The shores of the Great Lakes only
• The Arctic coast only
• Hudson Bay only

Answer: The Atlantic provinces have a long history of fishing, an important natural-resource industry on Canada's east coast.

Q174.The Prairie provinces are best known for which type of industry?

• Forestry
• Agriculture (farming)
• Auto manufacturing
• Banking

Answer: The Prairie provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta) are among the most important agricultural regions, producing grains and other farm products.

Q175.Roughly what share of Canada's exports does trade with the United States represent?

• About one-quarter
• About half
• About three-quarters
• Almost none

Answer: About three-quarters of Canada's exports go to the United States, reflecting how important trade is to Canada's prosperity.

Q176.Manufacturing industries are especially concentrated in which two provinces?

• Ontario and Quebec
• Nova Scotia and PEI
• Yukon and Nunavut
• Saskatchewan and Manitoba

Answer: Manufacturing is centred in central Canada; Ontario and Quebec are the leading manufacturing provinces, including the automobile industry.

Q177.Which of these is an example of a service industry?

• Coal mining
• Banking and finance
• Commercial fishing
• Logging

Answer: Service industries include retail, education, health care, finance, transportation, and tourism, and they employ most working Canadians.

Q178.British Columbia is well known for which natural-resource industries?

• Forestry and mining
• Auto assembly and steel
• Wheat and cattle
• Banking and insurance

Answer: British Columbia's economy includes important forestry and mining industries, along with fishing and tourism.

Q179.True or False: Trade with other countries is important to Canada's wealth and prosperity.

• True
• False

Answer: True. Canada has always been a trading nation, and trade is essential to its prosperity and standard of living.

Q180.Canada and the European Union signed a major free trade agreement. What is it called?

• NAFTA
• CETA (Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement)
• CUSMA
• NORAD

Answer: CETA, the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, is a free trade agreement between Canada and the European Union.

Q181.The vehicles and parts produced by Canada's automobile industry are mainly an example of which type of industry?

• Service industry
• Manufacturing industry
• Natural resources industry
• Agricultural industry

Answer: Building automobiles and their parts is a manufacturing industry, one of the three main types in Canada's economy.

Q182.Mining of metals and minerals is best classified as which type of industry?

• Service industry
• Manufacturing industry
• Natural resources industry
• Financial industry

Answer: Mining extracts metals and minerals from the earth and is a natural-resources industry, alongside forestry, fishing, agriculture, and energy.

Q183.What does it mean to call Canada a 'trading nation'?

• Canada produces everything it needs and avoids imports
• International trade has always been important to Canada's economy
• Canada only trades with Europe
• Canada bans foreign goods

Answer: Canada has always been a trading nation; commerce with other countries has been central to the economy since its earliest days.

Q184.Which level of government in Canada is generally responsible for natural resources within its borders?

• The provinces
• The municipalities
• The United Nations
• Foreign governments

Answer: Under Canada's federal system, the provinces have significant responsibility for natural resources such as mining, forestry, and energy within their boundaries.

Q185.What is the capital city of Canada?

• Toronto
• Ottawa
• Montreal
• Vancouver

Answer: Ottawa, on the Ottawa River, is the capital of Canada. It was chosen as the capital by Queen Victoria in 1857.

Q186.Canada is the world's ____ largest country by area.

• Largest
• Second largest
• Fifth largest
• Tenth largest

Answer: Canada is the second largest country on earth — about 10 million square kilometres — after Russia.

Q187.Which three oceans border Canada?

• Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian
• Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic
• Atlantic, Arctic, and Southern
• Pacific, Arctic, and Caribbean

Answer: Three oceans border Canada: the Pacific (west), the Atlantic (east), and the Arctic (north).

Q188.Which provinces are the Atlantic Provinces?

• Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and Alberta
• Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick
• British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba
• Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and PEI

Answer: The Atlantic Provinces are Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.

Q189.Which provinces are the Prairie Provinces?

• Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta
• Ontario, Quebec, and Manitoba
• Alberta, British Columbia, and Yukon
• Saskatchewan, Ontario, and Alberta

Answer: The Prairie Provinces are Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta — rich in farmland and energy resources.

Q190.Which two provinces make up 'Central Canada'?

• Manitoba and Ontario
• Ontario and Quebec
• Quebec and New Brunswick
• Ontario and Alberta

Answer: Central Canada — the manufacturing heartland — is made up of Ontario and Quebec, where more than half of Canadians live.

Q191.What is the capital of Ontario?

• Ottawa
• Toronto
• Hamilton
• Kingston

Answer: Toronto is the capital of Ontario. It is also Canada's largest city and main financial centre. (Ottawa is the national capital.)

Q192.What is the capital of Quebec?

• Montreal
• Québec City
• Laval
• Gatineau

Answer: Québec City is the capital of the province of Quebec. Montreal is the province's largest city.

Q193.What is the capital of British Columbia?

• Vancouver
• Victoria
• Kelowna
• Surrey

Answer: Victoria is the capital of British Columbia. Vancouver is the province's largest city and busiest port.

Q194.What are Canada's three territories?

• Yukon, Nunavut, and Alberta
• Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut
• Nunavut, Labrador, and Yukon
• Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Newfoundland

Answer: Canada's three territories are Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.

Q195.What is the capital of Nunavut?

• Yellowknife
• Whitehorse
• Iqaluit
• Churchill

Answer: Iqaluit is the capital of Nunavut, a territory created in 1999 whose name means 'our land' in Inuktitut.

Q196.Which province is the smallest and is known as the 'Birthplace of Confederation'?

• Nova Scotia
• Prince Edward Island
• New Brunswick
• Newfoundland and Labrador

Answer: Prince Edward Island is the smallest province and is known as the birthplace of Confederation. It is linked to the mainland by the Confederation Bridge.

Q197.Which province is Canada's largest producer of oil and gas?

• Saskatchewan
• Alberta
• British Columbia
• Ontario

Answer: Alberta is the largest producer of oil and gas, and its oil sands are a major energy source. It also has famous cattle ranches and Banff National Park.

Q198.The Bay of Fundy, home to the highest tides in the world, is located in which region?

• The West Coast
• The Atlantic Provinces (Nova Scotia/New Brunswick)
• The North
• The Prairies

Answer: The Bay of Fundy, between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, has the highest tides in the world.

Q199.Which is Canada's largest city?

• Montreal
• Toronto
• Vancouver
• Calgary

Answer: Toronto, in Ontario, is the largest city in Canada and the country's main financial centre.

Q200.What is the capital of Alberta?

• Calgary
• Edmonton
• Red Deer
• Banff

Answer: Edmonton is the capital of Alberta; Calgary is the province's largest city.

Q201.What is the capital of Manitoba?

• Regina
• Winnipeg
• Brandon
• Saskatoon

Answer: Winnipeg is the capital of Manitoba. Its Exchange District includes the famous intersection of Portage and Main.

Q202.Which province is Canada's largest producer of hydro-electricity and pulp and paper?

• Ontario
• Quebec
• British Columbia
• Manitoba

Answer: Quebec, with its huge supply of fresh water, is Canada's largest producer of hydro-electricity and its main producer of pulp and paper.

Q203.Outside of Quebec, which province has the largest French-speaking population?

• New Brunswick
• Ontario
• Manitoba
• Nova Scotia

Answer: Ontario has the largest French-speaking population outside Quebec.

Q204.Which Prairie province was once called the 'breadbasket of the world' and holds the world's richest deposits of potash?

• Manitoba
• Alberta
• Saskatchewan
• British Columbia

Answer: Saskatchewan, the 'wheat province,' is Canada's largest grain producer and holds the world's richest potash and uranium deposits. Regina hosts the RCMP training academy.

Q205.What is the capital of Nova Scotia?

• Halifax
• Sydney
• Charlottetown
• Fredericton

Answer: Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia and is home to Canada's largest east-coast naval base.

Q206.Which province is the most easterly point in North America and has its own time zone?

• Nova Scotia
• Prince Edward Island
• Newfoundland and Labrador
• New Brunswick

Answer: Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly part of North America and has its own (half-hour) time zone.